Sunday, January 19, 2020
Sleeping Late Essay -- essays research papers
à à à à à Life is so busy sometimes we donââ¬â¢t get enough sleep. Some days our bodies need more sleep than others. Some people like to sleep in after a busy week at work, or a long night of partying. Others feel that sleeping in can help them relieve some stress. Trying a few of these trips may help you to sleep in.à à à à à à à à à à In order to sleep in longer, you should plan ahead for the weather. For example, when the weather is going to be hot and muggy, crank up the air conditioner. When your body gets too hot, you will wake up. Just keeping your body cool will help you feel more relaxed so you can get those few extra hours of rest. If the weather forecast calls for a steady rain crack open the windows so the rhythm of the soothing rain drops help you fall into a deeper more relaxed sleep. à à à à à Another important part of sleeping in is a dark room. When too much light breaks into the room, you might have trouble falling or staying asleep. Light makes it easier to stay awake, thus making it harder for you to stop thinking. If you have curtains, close them almost all the way. Roll mini-blinds with the blades in the upward direction, because if they are rolled down when the sun comes up, too much light will come in. As the sleeper you want some light in the room, just a lot.à à à à à Hunger will also prevent you from sleeping in. Near your bed keep a few handy items. I...
Saturday, January 11, 2020
How advertising and commercials influence my life Essay
Advertising and commercials have, no doubt, a strong influence in my purchasing behavior. They influence the clothes I wear, the food I eat and the places to go for a night out. Adverts in the television and magazines are expressive of models wearing different designs of clothing outfits. Such outfits make the models look admirable. This brings the feeling in me that if the clothes look good, then they must make me feel good. Due to this reason, I am compelled to purchase such clothes. Most of my friends and I have our eating habits greatly influenced by advertising and commercials. With the many adverts on hamburgers, hotdogs, and pizzas among other, most of my friends are always out to the pizza inn during class breaks. Despite the many claims by opponents of frequent use of fast foods, my heart is always impressed by the deliciousness portrayed on the adverts, a factor that inevitably forces me into purchasing such foods and drinks. Where to go for a night out is mainly influenced by commercials and advertising. This is because such adverts are indicative of the type of entertainment to expect and above all the entertainers to meet. Just to be appreciated is the fact that I like to go out with a preset mind of fulfillment. This is why advertising has no doubt a crucial role to play in dictating the best place to hang out. Therefore, advertising and commercials bring invaluable influence to my purchasing and spending behavior. Such marketing practices have indeed dominated my psychology.
Friday, January 3, 2020
Nike Case Analysis - 930 Words
NIKE ANALYSIS The Weight Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is the firmââ¬â¢s cost of capital. We can think of WACC as an average representing the expected return on all of the companiesââ¬â¢ securities. It is an extremely important number for both corporations and usually financials advisors. Corporations use this number as a minimum for evaluating their capital projects or investments. So if for example the WACC of a firm is 10% and the return on investing in a project is 4.5%, then the company would not invest in that particular project. The company in this particular scenario would at least have to get a return of 10% or more to invest in a project. I agree with Johanna Cohenââ¬â¢s estimates as she did the calculations right because I went overâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The price earnings ratio is the one I liked the most. It shows the measure of the price paid for a share of Nike stock relative to the net income earned by the company. I would recommend that the Nike sto ck should be expressed as a hold because its net income is quite small compared to the revenue it earns. Nikeââ¬â¢s cost of goods sold is extremely high, even when they make most of their products overseas in third world countries. Their revenue growth has also drastically slowed down only from five years ago when they had a growth rate of 35.9% in 1995 and 42% in 1996. The past four years Nike had an average growth rate of revenue at 0.975%, which is less than 1%. For a company the size of Nike and the previous large growth it had, something might have been wrong. Their net income,has also as a percentage gone down. The Nike stock should be considered a hold for investors who already own theShow MoreRelatedNike Case Analysis794 Words à |à 4 PagesNIKE CASE STUDY ANALYSIS Q: What characteristics about Nike contributed to their troubles with i2 becoming nothing more than a speed bump? 1. i2ââ¬â¢s predictive demand application and its supply chain planner used different business rules and stored data in different formats, making it difficult to integrate the two applications. The i2 software needed to be so heavily customized to operate with Nikeââ¬â¢s legacy systems that it took as much as a minute for a single entry to be recordedRead MoreNike Case Analysis4952 Words à |à 20 PagesBRAND MANAGMENT Nike: Building a Global Brand Case analysis Ahmed Coucha 800090353 6/29/2011 Dr. Ibrahim Hegazy 2 How would you characterize Nikeââ¬â¢s brand image and sources of brand equity in the U.S? Nikeââ¬â¢s Brand image in the US: Brand image is the impression in the consumers mind of a brands total personality (real and imaginary qualities and shortcomings). It is set of feelings, emotions and experiences that are linked to the brand. While brand personality is the image the company wantsRead MoreThe Case Of Nike : Review Analysis1334 Words à |à 6 Pages Case of Nike: Review Analysis 3 Over the decades, globalization, where economic integration across border allow businesses to expand beyond their domestic boundaries. (Malamud, V. Rotenberg, Y. (2010)); has become a phenomenon that is seen across the globe. Businesses large and both small are able to compete, produce, and sell their products without limits to either demographic or geographic factors. This allows company s to enlarge their base, their workforce, their consumers, and thereforeRead MoreNike Case Analysis717 Words à |à 3 Pagesapproach, which was previously effective for Nike, centers all the business activities on continually innovating, improving and refining its products while it is under the assumption that customers simply want the best possible quality for their money. But due to changing circumstances and to pursue customer loyalty, Nike adapted the category driven approach which is derived from customer usage and purchase patterns. Post- internal and external analysis Nike concluded that th ere are primarily six majorRead MoreNike, Inc. Case Analysis844 Words à |à 4 PagesNIKE, Inc., is a company that was founded in by William Jay Bowerman and Philip H. Knight in 1964, and was originally called Blue Ribbon Sports, Inc. Itââ¬â¢s name was changed to Nike, Inc. in 1971. Itââ¬â¢s base of operation is located in Beaverton, Oregon. NIKE, Inc., is the worldââ¬â¢s leading designer, marketer and distributor of authentic athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories for a wide variety of sports and fitness activities worldwide. Entirely owned Nike subsidiaries include ConverseRead MoreNike Case Study Analysis1294 Words à |à 6 Pages Ã¢â¬Æ' Introduction Nike, a multinational company is one of the top and well known athletic footwear and apparel producers in the world. It had established production plants in many countries and has many suppliers, distributors, and retailers worldwide. It is well known because of its engagement in international business and the amount of employment it had created around the world. Nike was criticized as a result of how it managed its expansion strategyRead MoreCase Study Analysis: Nike, Inc.3361 Words à |à 14 PagesANTONIO, PAUL ERIC G. 03 JUNE 2012 BUSINESS POLICY Case Study Analysis: Nike, Inc. Executive Summary Nike, Inc. has had three years of shifts of revenue and profit increases. During the case years studied (1999-2001), the net income in 2001 for Nike, Inc. (589.7M) increased by only 1.8% over 2000. Increases from 1999-2000 were much more significant 28.3% (579.1M). For the year 2001, revenues at Nike increased by 5.5% over 2000 to 9.489B. Since 1997, the companyââ¬â¢s success includeRead MoreNike Case Analysis Essay1456 Words à |à 6 PagesRecently, Nike has been trying to lower its environmental impact by reducing waste and use toxic materials. In your opinion, what are Nikeââ¬â¢s ethical responsibilities in this situation? Nike has an ethical responsibility to all of their stakeholders to ensure they are effectively and efficiently using their materials in a way it does not harm the environment. It is their corporate responsibility to ensure safe and environmental friendly products to their consumers and stakeholders. Nike has expandedRead MoreCase Analysis of Nike, Inc.: Cost of Capital731 Words à |à 3 PagesApparently, the issue of Nikeââ¬â¢s case is to control and check the calculation cost of capital done by Joanna Cohen who is the assistant of a portfolio manager at NorthPoint Group. But I am willing to tell you that it can be a complex case in which we can doubt about sensitivity analysis done by Kimi Ford (portfolio manager) too. Because her assumptions such as Revenue Growth Rate, COGS / Sales, S A / Sales, Current Assets / Sales, and Current Liability / Sales have been adopted from previous incomeRead MoreCase Study Analysis of Nike and Google1657 Words à |à 7 Pagesassociated with Nike`s core marketing strategy? Answer: Nikeââ¬â¢s Core Marketing Strategy: Nikes excellence marketing strategies are their energy to achieve their market goals. Nike believes the pyramid influence that the preferences of a small percentage of top athletes influence the product and brand choice. So Nike contracted with many athletes spokesperson, professional teams and college athletic teams to advertise and promote their products to customers. One renowned example of Nike marketing strategy
Thursday, December 26, 2019
Leadership Interview Paper Leadership - 1307 Words
Leadership Interview Paper Leadership is a fundamental part of everyday life! Leadership and the concepts and practices associated to it play an intricate role in the society in which we live in. This one aspect of life is so vital to the existence of the human race that is taught to children at a very young age. As an adult, I can look back over my childhood and recall many memories that have fashioned the person that I am today. The most prominent memories, which I can recall from my childhood, include hot summer days, riding my bicycle, and childhood games. As I look back over my childhood, I reminisce over childhood games like Follow the leader, Simon says, and Mother may I. Now that I am an adult, I can see the life lessonsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Now that we all have a solid understanding of leaders and leadership lets recap the interview that I conducted last week. Last week, I conducted an interview with Obeyda Jackson who is a leader in the retail industry. Jackson is currently a store manager for DDââ¬â¢s discount store, which is a division of Ross stores. Ms. Jackson has worked in the retail industry for over ten years operating in various leadership positions within organizations like Hobby Lobby, Burlington Coat Factory, and Family Dollar. Her leadership experience includes positions like key holder, assistant store manager, and now general manager. On a personal note, Jackson is a wife and a mother of two wonderful children. Jackson is originally from Puerto Rico and is fluent in Spanish and English. During the interview process, I asked Jackson several questions pertaining to her views on leadership and her personal leadership style. When I asked Jackson to define leadership she stated, ââ¬Å"Leadership is how I empower individuals to get things done.â⬠She went on to say, ââ¬Å"Leadership is an art or a skill that requires practice and determination.â⬠When I asked Jackson what is her personal leadership style she said that she was a democratic leader. As my interview progressed, I went on to ask Jackson who has been the most influential leader in her life and why? Jackson responded that she had a supervisorShow MoreRelatedLeadership Interview Paper721 Words à |à 3 PagesLeadership Interview and Reflection Paper Grand Canyon University LDR-600 Leadership Styles and Development Tiffany Helton April 24, 2013 When interviewing a leader in an organization in order to discover their leadership style one must ask critical questions. I had the opportunity to interview Casey Aguirre who is a Team Manager at the Salem Call Center for T-Mobile. Casey has been with T-Mobile for over 11 years. In this interview we discussed her leadership style, the steps she took toRead MoreLeadership Interview and Summary Paper1228 Words à |à 5 PagesLeadership Interview Summary Paper Artic Mechanical, Inc. is a family-owned and operated HVAC and refrigeration company located in Rancho Cucamonga, California. The company consists of over 150 employees in more than four states. Mona Gamboa is the account manager for some of the companyââ¬â¢s more high profile and lucrative clientele. This paper is based of an interview with Ms. Gamboa and her opinions on motivation, the roles of groups and teams, and the organizational structure of Artic MechanicalRead MoreLeaders Are Not Made, They Are Exposed1225 Words à |à 5 Pagesdemonstrated not only leadership traits, but leader-follower relationship. This paper discusses the emergence of and presence of ââ¬Å"leadershipâ⬠or lack of in Group Two based on the situational theory of leadership and the followership concept learned in DEPM 604. Group Dynamics Group Two consisted of four members: Melanie Glassford, Ashley Harmon, John Thomas and I (Bridgette Grant). The group was tasked with selecting and interviewing a leader in Distance Education, develop interview questions that areRead MoreCollege And University Leadership Program Essay1081 Words à |à 5 PagesINTERVIEW WITH DR. PATRICIA MCDONALD When it comes to the topic of making a difference in the lives of students, most of us will readily agree that it can be very gratifying when college and university leaders inspire students and impact their lives, while developing them into future leaders. It is believed that making a difference in the lives of student is a shared effort that cannot be done alone even the smallest act of kindness can impact the world if people come together. A future desirableRead MoreCM220 UNIT 4 ASSIGNMENT1380 Words à |à 6 Pagesemployees are happy and have fun at work. Leadership is not assaulting your employees, but to lead your employees you need to motivate by using caring, inspiring, empowering, teaching, growing, investing and your employees will follow and want to contribute. Assaulting as in forcing, criticizing, and bossing your employees around will not only wear them down and unmotivated them but it will exhaust the boss as well. This book is a great resource for my paper because it supports that leaders growRead MoreEssay on Assessment of a Study of Transformational Leadership1521 Words à |à 7 Pagesof a study of the relationship between transformational leadership, empowerment and organizational commitment Introduction and Purpose of Study The implications of transformational leadership on a firmââ¬â¢s employees and the success of the firm overall are areas of ongoing research according to Ismail, Mohamed, Sulaiman, Mohamad, and Yusuf (2011). The authors make the case that in a changing global environment transformational leadership styles, rather than transactional styles, are a means organizationsRead MoreThe Effects of Human Resources Outsourcing on Leadership Performance and Employee Commitment1351 Words à |à 5 PagesLeadership Performance Abstract The following pages focus on providing a theoretical framework and a research design intended to address the influence of human resources outsourcing on leadership performance and employee commitment. The Introduction discusses some of the issues that reflect the necessity of research in this field. The Theoretical Framework describes the variables used in this study. The paper continues with the Scientific Research Design section that presents the type of researchRead MoreLeadership Theory And The Main Methods Of Leadership1198 Words à |à 5 PagesLeadership is an often misunderstood concept. Many people confuse management and leadership, classifying them as being the same. While a leader can be a manager and a manager can be a leader, they are often two separate things. There are four main components of leadership that we will discuss and there are many different ways to view and examine leadership with theory and maxim being the main methods. As many people point out, leadership is a complex topic to discuss. Leadership can mean manyRead MoreChapter Of Alpha Omicron Pi1410 Words à |à 6 Pagessorority, I still have a lot to learn. Due to my lack of knowledge, there are many assumptions. My first assumption is about the leadership council of Beta Zeta. I presumed the girls in charge of the chapter were elected because of popularity. I also believe the leaders are running for the sake of their resumes. Another preconception I have is that sororities do not promote leadership. As far as ââ¬Å"bigsâ⬠go, I considered them as a friend inside the sorority, not a leader, which is another assumption of mineRead MoreLeadership And Change Leadership Development852 Words à |à 4 Pagesby Katzenbach (1995), change leadership is ââ¬Å"the process whereby individuals who lead initiatives that influence dozens to hundreds of others to perform differentlyââ¬âand betterââ¬âby applying multiple leadership and change app roaches.â⬠Leadership alone is defined as setting a direction and developing the strategies necessary to move in that direction ââ¬â that is, creating and achieving a vision ââ¬â leadership is thus a process to do with change (Kotter 1999). Change leadership is critically important to the
Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Project Management in the Automotive Industry A Critical...
The chapter ââ¬ËProject Management in the Automotive Industryââ¬â¢ by Christophe Midler and Christian Navarre from The Wiley Guide to Managing Projects (September 2004) traces the inception and transformation of project management in the automotive industry from the post-war period to the early years of the new millennium. It is an interesting article which categorizes the period into four phases on the basis of organizational structure and strategy pertinent to most of the automotive manufacturers in each era. This classification helps the authors elaborate on the change in corporate structures and relationships within the organization and with their subcontractors over the years. Examples of leading car manufacturers have shown how projectâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Rather than the traditional vertical organizational structure, this phase can be better represented by a matrix chart which includes the parent organizations, allied organizations, subsidiaries, brands and subc ontractors. Nevertheless, a visual representation of matrix organizations has challenged managers due to the complexities of secondary relationships within the matrix. The characteristics of each phase of automotive project management have thus been explained elaborately. In fact, the time periods have been chosen aptly since there is a clear differentiation of one phase from another. But since the underlying causes for change have not been discussed, there seems to be a discontinuity between the phases. Market trends and customer demands play a major role in determining the decisions taken by car manufacturers and are today the driving force behind product innovation. This competitive environment which, as stated by the authors in the introduction, largely influences product management strategies, has not been discussed. Simultaneously, the regional economic health and prices of commodities such as oil and steel which drive the automotive industry influence corporate strategies. The facts and arguments presented in this article would be better understood if accompanied byShow MoreRelatedProject Management : The Automotive Industry Essay1657 Words à |à 7 PagesAbstract. The automotive industry is a wide field of connecting many engineering and scientific fields together in one systematic place. A lot of changes has occurred on this field since it came into existence. Because itââ¬â¢s a whole system of science and engineering, it is affected by a lot of factors and needs to adapt according to changes in these factors. This paper provides a critical review of chapter fifty-five of ââ¬ËProject management in the automotive industryââ¬â¢ by Christophe Midler, and ChristianRead MoreA Comparative Literature Review On Knowledge Management834 Words à |à 4 PagesCETM11 A Comparative Literature Review Paper 1 1. What is the research/telling question or questions? Knowledge Management In Project Environments, is the title of this paper. The paper is basically talking about the importance of the Project Management Knowledge, also known as, PKM, that is increasingly popular within temporary organisations such as handling a project or managing a company of a particular industry. Also, the challenges of knowledge management in project environment are that there isRead MoreScience And Technology : An Age Of Cognitive Technology1189 Words à |à 5 Pagestowards merging technology with human intelligence to create an age of Cognitive Technology. I want to contribute to that age of evolution in one way or the other. Thus, a M.S. degree in Embedded Systems (with emphasis on Embedded Software for Life-critical Applications) is the logical culmination of my passion for Embedded Systems and Electronics in general. I earned my undergraduate degree in Electronics and Communication [Elective ââ¬â Embedded System Design] from Visvesvaraya Technological UniversityRead MoreOccuopotional Safety and Health Administration (Osha) Practices and Osha Performance in Malaysian Automotive Industry2113 Words à |à 9 PagesIN MALAYSIAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY GHANIM Mohmed Adeil University Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering, Malaysia Mohamedadil88@yahoo.com Keywords: OSHAP; OSHAPM; Safety Performances; Financial Performances; Malaysian Automotive Industry. Summary This paper review the issues of the occupational safety and health administration practices (OSHAP) and occupational safety and health administration performances (OSHAPM) that affect the practices in Malaysian Automotive Industry. In additionRead Morelateral collaboration and vertical coll1740 Words à |à 7 Pagesprovide an example of the use of lateral collaboration and vertical collaboration within the organization, and prepare an action plan to use lateral and vertical collaboration. A vertical organization tends to be structured in terms of employee and management collaboration. Since decisions travel up and down the organizational chart, collaboration between employees and managers on company processes or issues happens in a very structured setting that includes meetings and constant monitoring. BecauseRead MoreThe Federal Mogul Goetze Limited1210 Words à |à 5 Pagescommercial, automotive, off-highway vehicles, heavy-duty, as well as in generation of power, marine, aerospace, industrial and rail. Operations Companyââ¬â¢s Net income in the year ended December 31, 2013 was 241.5 million dollars as compared to 250 million dollars in the year ending with December 31, 2012. The Net profit of the company was after Tax was 4.3 million dollars during the year under review as compared to the 3.4 million dollars Net loss in the year 2012. During the year 2013, the industry dealingRead MoreSupply Chain Management: Nissan Cogent Case Study2669 Words à |à 11 Pages2012 - 2013 Maryam Ali Tahir SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT EARLY SUPPLIER INVOLVEMENT AND CODEVELOPMENT: NISSAN COGENT CASE STUDY SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Table of Contents 1- INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 3 2- DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................................... 3 3- KEY THEORETICAL POINTSRead MoreManagement Information System Tata Motor3694 Words à |à 15 Pagesholding; the rest is held by Hitachi Construction Machinery Company, Japan. * Tata Technologies provides specialised engineering and design services, product lifecycle management and product-centric information technology services. * Tata Motors (Thailand) is a joint venture between Tata Motors (70 percent) and Thonburi Automotive Assembly Plant Co (30 percent) to manufacture and market the companyââ¬â¢s pickup vehicles in Thailand. * Tata Cummins manufactures high horsepower engines used in theRead MoreBranding in the Automotive Industry: a Comparative Study Between Bmw and Audi3083 Words à |à 13 Pages ------------------------------------------------- Branding in the Automotive Industry: A Comparative Study Between BMW and Audi ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 2. Background ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- BMW and Audi are two of the most recognized brands in the automotive industry globally. Being well known trademarks, their pricing diversity is highRead MoreMergers and Acquisitions in Automobile Industry9279 Words à |à 38 PagesTopic 3 2.3 Statement of Purpose 3 3.1 Introduction to Mergers Acquisitions in Automotive Industry 4 3.2 Rationale of research project 4 3.3 Statement of Research Objectives 4 4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 5 4.1 Mergers Acquisitions 5 4.2 Recent Trends in Automotive Mergers Acquisitions 5 4.3 Debates in the field of M A 6 4.4 Key Research components 6 4.5. Schematic Diagram 7 5. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 5.1 Mergers Acquisitions 8 5.2 Types of Mergers Acquisitions 8 5.3 Advantages
Monday, December 9, 2019
Noise Pollution free essay sample
Noise Pollution Construction sites, highway traffic, emergency sirens, and barking animals are not just an inconvenience to the ear, but what researchers call noise pollution. Disturbing sounds such as these can interrupt sleep, a family dinner, or any other normal activity, and as a result reduces the quality of oneââ¬â¢s life. Although it is looked over by many; noise pollution can have serious negative effects on the environment and the human body. The environment is effected greatly by loud sounds from humankind. According to Green Living Tips, ââ¬Å"in nature, noise causes many adverse effects on animalsâ⬠(greenlivingtips. om). Examples of this include, birds that need to hear in order to catch their prey or find a mate, it also disturbs feeding and eating patterns in some animals, causes less milk produced by a cow, and has been proven to have a negative effect on the growth of some plants. With all the attention on air and water pollution, not many understand the eff ects of noise pollution. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However it is a very serious issue. These examples show that mankind is disrupting the flow of nature. The technology, and the motion for wealth and power have caused animals and other living things to live very closely to humans. This has caused many major problems recently resulting in the death of animals and people also. People have had bears in their trash, deer running across the streets, and other animals bombarding their homes. Due to expansion, much of these animals habitats have been reduced immensely, and they are forced to move to other places. According to the National Geographic, ââ¬Å" swaths the size of Panama are lost each and every year. The worldââ¬â¢s rain forests could completely vanish in a hundredà years at the current rate of deforestationâ⬠(environment. nationalgeographic. com). Animals are slowly losing their homes because of human action. The loud noise of the chainsaws alone would scare them out. Noise pollution has many effects on the human body as well. It can cause temporary or permanent deafness, decrease in efficiency, lack of sleep, an increase in stress, and high blood pressure. The United States Environmental Protection Agency says, ââ¬Å"Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is the most common and often discussed health effect, but research has shown that exposure to constant or high levels of noise can cause countless adverse health affectsâ⬠(epa. gov). Not only will the human race not stop the noise to protect the environment, but it is also effecting our own bodies. Noise is a very powerful thing, and is often taken for granted by many people. Even though noise pollution is not something many people know about, it is up to the people to spread the word. One thing that can be done in order to reduce the noise would be to simply get away from it. However, many of us do not have that luxury, so you can do several other things such as: wear protective ear equipment like ear plugs or ear muffs, set aside a period of time everyday for silence, or just simply try to limit the amount of noise you make throughout the day. If there is less dependence on various technologies and expansion, then the noise level may reduce as a result. Bibliography: Deforestation Facts, Deforestation Information, Effects of Deforestation National Geographic. Environment Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural Disasters, Ecosystems
Monday, December 2, 2019
Italian Renaissance Portraiture free essay sample
Style, influences, development, humanism, major creators of medallion marble bust portraits. The tradition of Italian Renaissance portraiture derived from numerous sources: formal Gothic tomb sculpture, the realism of Northern European painters, Roman sculptural portraits, and Humanist scholars notions of the significance of portraiture in antiquity. As in most undertakings of an intellectual or artistic nature, the Italian Humanists searched for sanctions for portraiture in the literature and art of antiquity. A brief review of these influences on medallion and bust portraits provides an overview of the origins of Renaissance portraiture. Individualized Italian Renaissance portraiture began to develop as early as the last quarter of the thirteenth century. Portraits from that period are found mainly on tomb monuments and the portrayals were usually highly idealized, conforming to the stylistic dictates of the International Gothic style. White has..
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